NCERT-GEOGRAPHY-CLASS-07-CHAPTER-03-LANDSFORMS

👉 Study This Also 👀

👉Chapter-01

👉Chapter-02

Lithosphere

The lithosphere is the combination of the earth

Crust, and
the solid upper portion of the mantle.

It simply means the combined joint portion of the crust and the solid copper belt of the mantle known as the lithosphere.

Lithospheric plates

The breakaway portion of the lithosphere is known as the lithospheric plates.
We have 7 major and around 15 minor plates.

👉 For OTHER SUBJECTS study click on SITEMAP 👀

Magma & Volcano

Molten or semi-molten material, which, in its mixture, has molten rocks, gases, and water vapor is known as magma.
It is formed in the mental motion of the earth, as, it is a product of heat and pressure.
The route through which Magma comes on the earth's surface is known as a vent.
When the molten magma erupts, from the Earth's surface, through a vent known as a "volcano."

👉ALL PAGES- LINKS INDEX👀

Tectonic Movement

The lithospheric plates are not static, but, always in a continuous movement is known as a tectonic movement.

👉 UPSC-GEOGRAPHY+EVS MAINS ANSWER WRITING 👀

Endogenetic forces

The tectonic movement in the interior of the place is caused by the movement of magma inside the earth, in a circular path, known as "convective currents".
The same movement of magma that causes forces to act from inside is known as endogenetic forces.
These include -

Earthquake,
Volcano,
Landslides,
mountain building.

Exogenetic forces

The forces which act on the surface of the earth are known as exogenic forces.
The exogenic forces are-

River,
Wind,
sea waves, and
glaciers.

Earthquakes

Due to the tectonic movement when there is a vibration on the surface of the earth all-around this vibration is known as an earthquake.

Focus

A point inside the crust of Earth from where the earthquake waves started.

Epicenter

The point above the Earth's surface is vertical to the focus known as the epicenter.
Earthquake vibrations travel outward from the epicenter known as earthquake waves.

Types of earthquake waves

We have 02 kinds and four types of earthquake waves that are-

longitudinal P waves,
S wave is a transverse wave, categorized as a "body wave".
"L" -&- "R" waves are categorized as surface waves.

👉 UPSC मुख्य परीक्षा उत्तर लेखन 👀

Seismograph

An instrument through which an earthquake is measured.

Weathering

The natural process through which the wearing and tearing down (sedimentation) of the Earth's surface got started.

Through this process, rocks break into sediments.

Erosion

Taking away that weathering material (sediments) through the different natural agents is known as erosion.

Waterfall

When is a stream of water tumbling down over a hard Rock surface or down a steep valley side known as a waterfall?
Jog Falls was created by the Sharavati River dropping 253 m (830 ft).
It is the third-highest waterfall in India after the Nohkalikai Falls with a drop of 335 m (1,099 ft) in Meghalaya, is fed by the rain and is located on the edge of the "Cherrapunji Plateau."
The second highest fall is Dudhsagar Falls with a drop of 310 m (1,020 ft) in Indian state, Goa.

Meanders

When the river enters the plain, its flowing causes it to twist and turn, so this large twist and turn is known as a meander.
The point here to note is it is a feature of the plain area.

Oxbow lake

In a gradual process,
at the banks of the meander erosion and deposition process started,
which causes the loops of the meander to cut off from the river.

As a product, separate water bodies formed along the bank of the river, known as an oxbow lake.

Floodplains

When the river stream is overflowing,
the water breaks the bank of the river (Natural Levees), and
enters the nearby area in the form of a flood.
As floodwater tends to stay in the flooded area
it deposits its sediments, which is a layer of fine soil, over there,
it leads to the formation of a plain area known as flood plains.

Levees

In the deposition process,
due to the depositional activities when the banks of the river raised because of sediments, silt, and other material
are pushed aside by the flowing river called levees.

👉NCERT-GEOGRAPHY - CLASS-06👀

Distributaries

Due to the lower gradient of a slope or almost negligible slope gradient,
in addition to heavy sediment loads,
the main river stream breaks into the various streams known as distributaries.

Delta

In the process of formation of distributaries, along with the sedimentation activity, regions form near the river mouth known as the "delta".

Waves

When there is friction between the wind & water body surface water leads to continuous disturbance which causes waves in the water body.

Sea caves

Sea waves, along the sea coast, give rise to the coastal landforms through the process of erosion and deposition.
This process, when the sea wave continuously hit a rock, led to the formation of a hollow cave, known as a sea cave.

Sea arches

With the continuous hitting on the sea caves
by sea /ocean waves,
with time, now opening done to another hand
which means now the roof, with support of stacks, is known as sea arches.

Stacks

When the roof of sea arches also diminished and only the walls are there known as.

Sea Cliff

On the coast, due to the continuous erosion by sea waves, rises vertically against waves propagation known as a sea Cliff.

Beaches

As sea waves,
through the process of backwash deposit sediments along the shore
a new kind of landform forms known as a beach.

👉 मणिपुर, नव साम्राज्यवाद (New Colonialism ) एवं AFSPA-भाग-01 👀

River of ice

The glaciers are known as the river of ice.
This we have studied earlier chapters also.

Glacier moraines

In glacier movement -

when the big size and small size rocks,
sand, and
silt is carried away with the ice and gets deposited
then these deposits are known as glacier moraines.

Mushroom rocks

In the desert area when we see a mountain of sand in the shape of a mushroom known as a mushroom rock.
As a special feature of desert areas, the shape of these mushroom rocks is the work of wind through the process of erosion.
In desert areas wind erodes the lower section or the lower part of the Rock more than the upper section, as a result, the rocks take the form of mushroom-like.

Sand dunes