Constitutional-Development-01-Arrival of Europeans & England in India
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- In 1488, the Cape of Good Hope was discovered, establishing a sea route between India and European Nations.
- So, very soon, the European Trading Company started to trade with the Eastern countries.
- The Cape of Good Hope was discovered by a Portuguese explorer named Bartolomeu Dias, which is why the Portuguese were the first to find this trade sea route with India.
- Later, other European countries started trading with Eastern countries, particularly India.
- Some of the Merchant from England with the association named as
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“Governor and Companies of the merchants of London trading with East Indies.” (Merchant Adventures 217 Members), which later on emerged popularly as EAST INDIA COMPANY
- To do this trade with India, this merchant group needs permission from Britain's Queen Elizabeth Taylor-I and a proposal of the economic advantage through this trade route with India.
- Queen Elizabeth was quick in their response and very soon issued a charter to this merchant group, from #England, known as East India Company, and also established a 15-year trading monopoly this charter was signed by Elizabeth on 31st of December 1600.
- And that's how East India Company got established in London.
“Note - At this time India was ruled by Akbar (1556 to 1605)”
- That means they have a trading monopoly with the countries situated to the east of Cape of Good Hope and to the west of the Strait of Magellan.
- In the hierarchy of East India Company all the employees and their officers –
a- need to report to the Governor and
b- the governor was reported in Britain to the court of
directors, with 24 members.
c- The court of directors was ultimately reporting to the “court
of proprietors.”
“Note- Even though East India Company got the charter in the year 1600 it took 8 years for this company to reach India, the reason was very simple.
Note II- THE FIRST EUROPEAN WHO CAME TO INDIA WAS JOHN MILDENHAL (England)”
- Already the European countries which were trading in India disturbed the sea route of this British East India Company particularly the Portuguese companies.
- Finally, in the year 1608 East India Company reached the cost of Surat under Captain William Hawkins.
- The Britishers established their first factory at Masulipattinam of Andhra Pradesh in 1608.
- But from the trading views point of view catching Surat is most important because the trade of-
- Spices,
- cotton and
- jute was flourishing in Surat which was under the administrative control of the Portuguese so they fought a battle Battle of Swalley in 1612 with the Portuguese and won and established their first factory at Surat in 1613.
- Now the next challenge was in the face of Jahangir, who was not reluctant to give permission for trade to the East India Company.
- Following the contemplation, now the company reached James I, seated in England, the new crown of the UK post the death of Queen Elizabeth in the year 1603 and he ruled up until 1625.
- As policy consequences now James First of England sent a delegation to the court of Jahangir headed by Sir Thomas Roe in 1615.
- Thomas Roe was on a mission to take permission, anyhow, and that's why he used every tool ranging from –
a. the lavish lifestyle and
b. imported items from Europe.
- Finally, in the year 1615 Jahangir issued trade permission to East India Company, writing a condition letter to JAMES I that royal European facilities, cater to me by the JAMES I, should not be stopped.
- Following this trading permission from Jahangir
1. the East India Company established its trading post in the year 1619 at Surat
2. 1639 at Madras
3. 1668 at Bombay and finally
4. 1690 at Kolkata.
“ Note-
- August 1690 Job Charnock, an agent of East India Company settled in Kolkata.”
- In the year 1698, the East India Company bought three villages named as
- Sutanuti,
- Gobindpur from the local landlord Sabarna Chowdhury.
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- Following in the year 1699 East India Company started developing Kolkata as a Presidency City.
- In years of 1715 now the British completed the building of Old Fort
- The British were trading mainly,
- on the import front with coffee and Persian horse and on
- export front cotton silk and saltpeter, a very important
component for making gunpowder.
Now by 1647, the British East India Company established 23 factories which at that time were very large Godown houses.
- The laborers used to reside inside these factories along with the security personnel.
- The 03 main important British factories were,
1. Fort William in Bengal,
2. Fort Saint George in Madras and
3. Bombay Castle in Bombay.
- In the year 1717, the Mughal King Farrukh Siyar waived off the Tax Duty of East India Company in return for a yearly payment of rupees 3000.
- Post this consequence there was a many-fold increase in the revenue generation of East India Company, but, still, the company was acting only as a trading force up to the
Note-
- The first event of the Battle of Plassey (1757) was followed by
- The Battle of Buxar (1764) turned this force into an important and major political force.
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